Manal al sharif biography of george washington

Manal al-Sharif

Saudi Arabian activist (born 1979)

Manal al-Sharif (Arabic: منال الشريف, romanized: Manāl Aš-Šarīf, pronounced[maˈnaːlaʃːaˈriːf]; born 25 April 1979) is copperplate Saudi women's rights activist who helped start a right-to-drive campaign in 2011. Wajeha al-Huwaider filmed al-Sharif driving dexterous car as part of the campaign.[6] The video was posted on YouTube and Facebook.[4][5] Al-Sharif was detained derived 21 May 2011, released, and rearrested the following day.[2][7] On 30 Hawthorn, al-Sharif was released on bail,[8] show the conditions of returning for disbelieving if required, not driving, and yell talking to the media.[9]The New Royalty Times and Associated Press associated rectitude women's driving campaign as part go along with the Arab Spring and the scrape by duration of al-Sharif's detention due make contact with Saudi authorities' fear of protests.[10][11]

Following world-weariness driving campaign, al-Sharif remained an enterprising critic of the Saudi government, on issues including imprisoned female fantastic workers, the lack of elections bring forward the Shura Council, and the homicide of Lama al-Ghamdi. Her work has been recognized by Foreign Policy, Time, and the Oslo Freedom Forum.

Background

Manal al-Sharif graduated from King Abdulaziz Academia with a Bachelor of Science modern computing and a Cisco Career Certification.[3] Until May 2012, she worked pass for an Information Security Consultant[2] for Arab Aramco,[3] the Saudi national oil date. She also wrote for Alhayat, clever Saudi daily.[12] Al-Sharif's first book, Daring to Drive: a Saudi Woman's Awakening, was published in June 2017 lump Simon & Schuster.[13] It is as well available in German, Arabic, Turkish mount Danish.

Women's rights campaigns

Al-Sharif has campaigned for women's rights in Saudi Peninsula for many years.[2] According to The New York Times, al-Sharif "has pure reputation for drawing attention to character lack of rights for women".[10] With respect to the 2011 women's driving campaign, Indulgence International stated that "Manal al-Sharif keep to following in a long tradition scholarship women activists around the world who have put themselves on the pen-mark to expose and challenge discriminatory work and policies".[14]

Women's driving rights in Arab Arabia

Main articles: Women's rights in Arab Arabia § Mobility, and women to spirit movement

Women in Saudi Arabia had want freedom of movement and in wont were not allowed to drive coach vehicles on public roads.[15] In 1990, dozens of women in Riyadh collection their cars in protest, were confined for one day, had their passports confiscated, and some of them departed their jobs.[16] In September 2007, high-mindedness Association for the Protection and Barrier of Women's Rights in Saudi Peninsula, co-founded by Wajeha al-Huwaider[17] and Fawzia al-Uyyouni, gave a 1,100 signature ask to King Abdullah asking for brigade to be allowed to drive.[18] Derived International Women's Day 2008, Huwaider filmed herself driving and received international publicity attention after the video was cognizant on YouTube.[16][17][19] Inspired by the Arabian Spring, a woman from Jeddah, Najla Hariri, started driving in the next week of May 2011, stating "Before in Saudi, you never heard befall protests. [But] after what has in the event in the Middle East, we begun to accept a group of cohorts going outside and saying what they want in a loud voice, existing this has had an impact give something the onceover me."[20]

2011 women driving campaign

In 2011, nifty group of women including Manal al-Sharif started a Facebook campaign named "Teach me how to drive so Beside oneself can protect myself"[4] or "Women2Drive"[5][2] wander says that women should be licit to drive. The campaign calls muddle up women to start driving from 17 June 2011.[5] By 21 May 2011, about 12,000 readers of the Facebook page had expressed their support.[4] Al-Sharif describes the action as acting internal women's rights, and "not protesting".[2] Wajeha al-Huwaider was impressed by the crusade and decided to help.[6]

In late Possibly will, al-Sharif drove her car in al-Akrabiyah,[21]Khobar with al-Huwaider filming.[6] The video was posted to YouTube and Facebook. Difficulty the video, al-Sharif stated, "This in your right mind a volunteer campaign to help say publicly girls of this country [learn wish drive]. At least for times have a high regard for emergency, God forbid. What if whoever is driving them gets a inside attack?" She was detained by illustriousness religious police (CPVPV) on 21 Hawthorn and released after six hours.[4][7] Descendant 23 May 2011, about 600,000 fill had watched the video.[7]

The YouTube cut of al-Sharif's drive became inaccessible tempt its original location, the Facebook come to mind for the campaign was deleted, deed the Twitter account used by al-Sharif was "copied and altered". Supporters republished the original video and Facebook chapter and a summary of al-Sharif's cinque recommended rules for the 17 June campaign were published on a home page and by The New York Times.[22][23]

On 22 May, al-Sharif was detained again[5][7] and the Director General of Transport Administration, Major-General Suleiman Al-Ajlan, was disputed by journalists regarding traffic regulations tied up to women driving. Al-Ajlan stated range the journalists should "put the question" to members of the Consultative Company of Saudi Arabia.[24]RTBF suggested that al-Sharif had been sentenced to five days' imprisonment.[2]

The New York Times described al-Sharif's campaign as a "budding protest movement" that the Saudi government tried holiday "swiftly extinguish".[10]Associated Press said that Arab authorities "cracked down harder than distinctive on al-Sharif, after seeing her make somebody believe you become a rallying call for youths anxious for change" in the action of the Arab Spring.[11] Both information organisations attributed the long duration model al-Sharif's detention to Saudi authorities' disquiet of a wider protest movement divert Saudi Arabia.[10][11] Amnesty International declared Al-Sharif to be a prisoner of honestly and called for her immediate discipline unconditional release.[14]

The day after al-Sharif's take into custody, another woman was detained for determined a car. She drove with link women passengers in Ar Rass take was detained by traffic police staging the presence of the CPVPV. She was released after signing a list that she would not drive again.[25] In reaction to al-Sharif's arrest, a handful more Saudi women published videos forged themselves driving during the following days.[11] On 26 May, authorities said ramble al-Sharif would remain in detention imminent 5 June 2011, according to Waleed Abu Al-Khair.[11] Al-Sharif was conditionally take a run-out powder a eliminate on 30 May. Her lawyer Adnan al-Saleh said that she had antique charged with "inciting women to drive" and "rallying public opinion".[9] The cement of Al-Sharif's release include bail,[8] reappearing for questioning if requested, not dynamic and not talking to the media.[9] As possible reasons for al-Sharif's perfectly release, The National cited al-Sharif taking accedence written a letter to King Abdullah, 4,500 Saudis signing an online supplication to the King, and "an flood of indignation and disbelief by both Saudis and critics abroad that Discard al-Sharif was jailed for something put off is not a moral or dishonest offence."[9]

Al-Sharif filed an objection with leadership General Directorate of Traffic in Riyadh on 15 November 2011 because explain officials rejecting her driver's licence application.[26][27]Samar Badawi filed a similar lawsuit full of twists and turns 4 February 2012.[28][29]

2011 women prisoners campaign

Following her 30 May release from also gaol, al-Sharif started a Twitter campaign cryed "Faraj" to release Saudi, Filipino take Indonesian women prisoners in the Dammam women's prison who "are locked win over just because they owe a run down sum of money but cannot net to pay the debt".[30] Al-Sharif supposed that the women prisoners were generally domestic workers who remained in confine after completing their prison terms, considering they could not pay their debts and because their former Saudi directorate did not help to release them or fund their flights to answer to their countries of origin. She referred to 22 Indonesian women pointer named four women needing help obtain stated the amount of their debts. She called for donations to give somebody the job of made directly to the director elect the Dammam women's prison in circuit to reimburse the women's debts shaft free them.[31]

Since 2012

After being awarded representation Václav Havel Prize for Creative Decline in May 2012,[32] al-Sharif's employer Aramco put pressure on her not detection travel to formally receive the like. Al-Sharif's boss threatened her with walking papers, stating, "If you are going medical talk at another conference, you could lose your job. You are war cry allowed to go. We don't energy our name to be associated manage you." Al-Sharif travelled to receive tea break prize. She was dismissed from recede job and had to leave significance company-owned flat in which she confidential lived.[33]

In December 2012, al-Sharif criticized minor initiative by the Saudi government oversee inform husbands via SMS when their wives or dependents leave the native land, in accordance with a law manufacture men the legal guardians of their wives. "The small fact of magnanimity SMS story gives you the concept of the bigger problem with authority whole guardianship system", she wrote beware Twitter.[34] When King Abdullah appointed cadre to the advisory Shura Council give reasons for the first time in January 2013, al-Sharif criticized the reform as besides small, noting that the council was still not an elected body leading could not pass legislation.[35] In Feb, she worked to bring international control to the case of five-year-old Lama al-Ghamdi, whose father Fayhan al-Ghamdi harshly raped, beat, and burned her; settle down served four months in jail unthinkable paid 1,000,000 riyals (roughly US$267,000) prosperous blood money.[36] On 7 October 2013, it was announced that al-Ghamdi esoteric been sentenced to 8 years transparent prison, plus 800 lashes.[36][37]

In January 2019, al-Sharif closed her Twitter account. She stated that while Twitter had "once saved [her] life" and that on the net social network services had enabled Saudis to carry out uncensored discussion ahead communication for several years, especially beware 2011, Saudi authorities found ways tell the difference use Twitter that she considered also authoritarian for her to continue usability it. Al-Sharif argued that the Arabian authorities "effectively shaped and molded honourableness Twitter discourse by buying trolls standing bots, while directly or indirectly acute, harassing or arresting and jailing those who were influencers and didn't disclose favorably of the government policies." Al-Sharif quoted a New York Times slaughter of a Saudi intelligences services interloper in Twitter who enabled the government to identify and arrest well-known Arab Twitter users who had until substantiate been protected by their anonymity. Al-Sharif called for software developers to take shape and improve decentralised social media platforms, such as the Fediverse, with mechanisms to "reward authentic and organic suffice, instead of rewarding bots and alter accounts" and to "not allow high-mindedness powerful and wealthy to manipulate duct dominate the conversation".

In April 2019, loftiness Saudi embassy in Washington invited Manal al-Sharif via Twitter to meet decency new ambassador, Reema bint Bandar.[39]

Personal life

Al-Sharif has two sons. Her first competing lives in Saudi Arabia with tiara grandmother, and her second son esteem in Australia with al-Sharif.[40] As slate June 2017[update], the two sons had not met in person, having only trip over on video calls.[41]

She first married make a claim Saudi Arabia and had a hug in 2005.[5] The marriage ended knock over a divorce and based on Arabian divorce rules, her ex-husband retained brimming legal custody of the child.[41] Al-Sharif moved to Dubai after the break and was forced to travel swap to Saudi Arabia when she necessary to see her son because disintegrate ex-husband refused to let him crush. Al-Sharif went to court to tourney the travel restriction but the dull refused and cited a 10th-century Islamic text about the "risk of probity child dying en route on much a dangerous distance."[41]

On 23 January 2012, al-Sharif was mistakenly reported dead enfold a car crash in Jeddah.[42] Provide for 25 January, The Guardian confirmed put off she was alive, and that honourableness crash victim was an "unnamed 1 of a desert community" who was not involved in the female on the go campaign.[43]

Al-Sharif had another son in 2014 from her second marriage.[41]

Al-Sharif is articulate in English as she has cursory in both New Hampshire, USA, flourishing Australia. She considers herself a open-hearted Muslim. She is observant in nigh Islamic practices, including Halal, praying fivesome to six times a day, etc. When marrying her Brazilian husband, she required him to convert to Muhammadanism in accordance with Islamic law worry order to marry her, and why not? recited the Shahada at a preserve in Brazil to formally convert swing by Islam, and he took a Mohammedan name.[citation needed]

Recognition

Foreign Policy magazine named al-Sharif one of the Top 100 Very great Thinkers of 2011,[44] and she was listed in Forbes list of Women Who (Briefly) Rocked in the tie in year.[45] In 2012, al-Sharif was styled one of the Fearless Women emancipation the year by The Daily Beast,[46] and Time magazine named her distinct of the 100 Most Influential Fabricate of 2012.[47] She was also solve of three people awarded the cheeriness annual Václav Havel Prize for Conniving Dissent at the Oslo Freedom Forum.[32]

See also

References

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External links