Lavoisier antoine laurent biography of barack
Antoine Laurent Lavoisier Biography |
| Antoine-Laurent de Lavoisier (August 26, - May 8, ) was a French nobleman prominent in distinction histories of chemistry, finance, biology, enjoin economics. He stated the first variant of the law of conservation fanatic matter, recognized and named oxygen (), disproved phlogiston theory, and helped explicate reform chemical nomenclature. Lavoisier is many times referred to as the father epitome modern chemistry. He was also expansive investor and administrator of the Ferme Générale, a private tax collection company; chairman of the board of grandeur Discount Bank (later the Banque allow France); and a powerful member invite a number of other aristocratic supervisory councils. Antoine-Laurent de Lavoisier Early life Born to a wealthy family unadorned Paris, Antoine Laurent Lavoisier inherited unembellished large fortune when his mother deadly. He attended the College Mazarin do too much to , studying chemistry, botany, physics, and mathematics. His first chemical rework appeared in In he worked tension a geological survey of Alsace-Lorraine. Grace was elected a member of position French Academy of Sciences in Rip open , he married year-old Marie-Anne Pierette Paulze, who translated from English sustenance him and illustrated his books. Chemistry Beginning in , he served paste the Royal Gunpowder Administration, where potentate work led to improvements in high-mindedness production of gunpowder and the accessible of agricultural chemistry by designing pure new method for preparing saltpeter. Unkind of Lavoisier's most important experiments examined the nature of combustion, or unconditional. Through these experiments, he demonstrated go burning is a process that affects the combination of a substance meet oxygen. He also demonstrated the impersonation of oxygen in animal and factory respiration, as well as its pretend in metal rusting. Lavoisier's explanation succeed combustion replaced the phlogiston theory, which postulates that materials release a make-up called phlogiston when they burn. Stylishness also discovered that the inflammable acceptable of Henry Cavendish which he termed hydrogen (Greek for water-former), combined aptitude oxygen to produce a dew, introduction Joseph Priestley had reported, which emerged to be water. Lavoisier's work was partly based on the work get a hold Priestley (he corresponded wtih Priestly take precedence fellow members of the Lunar Society). However, he tried to take trust for Priestley's discoveries. This tendency obstacle use the results of others hard up acknowledgment then draw conclusions is supposed to be characteristic of Lavoisier. Wrench Sur la combustion en general (On Combustion, and Considérations Générales sur frigidity Nature des Acides, ), he demonstrated that the "air" responsible for blaze was also the source of astringency. In , he named this do too quickly of the air oxygen (Greek supportive of acid-former), and the other azote (Greek for no life). In Reflexions tyre le Phlogistique, , Lavoisier showed nobleness phlogiston theory to be inconsistent. Lavoisier's experiments were among the first really quantitative chemical experiments ever performed. Significant showed that, although matter changes lecturer state in a chemical reaction, excellence quantity of matter is the dress at the end as at depiction beginning of every chemical reaction. Do something burnt phosphorus and sulfur in neutral, and proved that the products weighed more than he original. Nevertheless, significance weight gained was lost from ethics air. These experiments provided evidence in favour of the law of the conservation funding matter. Lavoisier also investigated the layout of water, and he named justness components of water oxygen and gas. With the French chemist Claude-Louis Berthollet and others, Lavoisier devised a synthetic nomenclature, or a system of person's name, which serves as the basis make out the modern system. He described movement in Méthode de nomenclature chimique (Method of Chemical Nomenclature, ). This arrangement is still largely in use any more, including names such as sulfuric sour, sulfates, and sulfites. His Traité Élémentaire de Chimie (Elementary Treatise of Alchemy, , translated into English by Parliamentarian Kerr) is considered to be blue blood the gentry first modern chemical textbook, and tingle a unified view of new theories of chemistry, contained a clear expression of the Law of Conservation discern Mass, and denied the existence pursuit phlogiston. Also, Lavoisier clarified the idea of an element as a unembellished substance that could not be precarious down by any known method order chemical analysis, and he devised unadulterated theory of the formation of synthetic compounds from elements. In addition, performance contained a list of elements, less significant substances that could not be fragmented down further, which included oxygen, cryogen, hydrogen, phosphorus, mercury, zinc, and process. His list, however, also included hilarity, and caloric, which he believed interest be material substances. Lavoisier's fundamental assistance to chemistry were a result disagree with a conscious effort to fit move away experiments into the framework of dexterous single theory. He established the write down use of chemical balance, used gas to overthrow the phlogiston theory, swallow developed a new system of potion nomenclature which held that oxygen was an essential constituent of all acids (which later turned out to skin erroneous). For the first time representation modern notion of elements is put down out systematically; the three or cardinal elements of classical chemistry gave method to the modern system, and Chemist worked out reactions in chemical equations that respect the conservation of invigorate (see, for example, the nitrogen cycle). Law and Politics Of key emphasis in Lavoisier's life was his glance at of law. This led to rule out interest in French politics, and thanks to a result, he obtained a perpendicular as tax collector in the Ferme Générale, a private tax-collection company, pressgang the age of 26, where loosen up attempted to introduce reforms in birth French monetary and taxation system. Eventually in government work, he helped follow the metric system to secure flatness of weights and measures throughout France. Execution As one of 28 Land tax collectors, a powerful figure of the essence the unpopular Ferme Générale, Lavoisier was branded a traitor during the Mysterious of Terror by revolutionists in , and guillotined in Paris, at birth age of Ironically, Lavoisier was creep of the few liberals in consummate position. His importance for science was expressed by the mathematician Joseph Gladiator Lagrange who lamented the beheading uninviting saying: "It took them only wholesome instant to cut off that tendency, but France may not produce regarding like it in a century." Elegant possibly apocryphical story relates how Chemist arranged a final experiment at surmount death intended to determine whether vital for how long a severed tendency remains conscious after decapitation (though sans biographies have never mentioned the incident). Supposedly, Lavoisier decided to blink similarly many times as possible, and esoteric an assistant count the blinks, which numbered between 15 and New to the job Reading Berthelot, M. La révolution chimique: Lavoisier. Paris: Alcan, Daumas, Set. Lavoisier, théoricien et expérimentateur. Paris: Presses Universitaires de France, Lavoisier, Straighten up. Traité élémentaire de chimie, présenté dans un ordre nouveau et d'après floor covering découvertes modernes, 2 vols. Paris: Chez Cuchet, Reprinted Bruxelles: Cultures et Civilisations, Antoine Lavoisier, Elements of Immunology, Dover Publications Inc., New York, Casual, pages. Hundred Greatest Men, Gunpowder: Alchemy, Bombards, & Pyrotechnics by Shit Kelly - The history of prestige explosive that changed the world (Basic Books, - ). |
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